Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Radiotherapy, Radiotherapy Combined with Nano-Biomaterials and Various Approaches to Enhance Radiosensitization in Cancer

Ahmed Hamza Oribi Hassan, Aqeel Faisal Waheed Ahmed, Hussein Abd AL-Ameer Salal; Rusul Falih Abd AL-Hadi

Authors

Ahmed Hamza Oribi Hassan, Aqeel Faisal Waheed Ahmed, Hussein Abd AL-Ameer Salal Department of Medical Physics, Hilla University College, Iraq
Rusul Falih Abd AL-Hadi Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Babylon, Iraq

Keywords:

Radiotherapy, Nano-biomaterials, Radio-sensitization, Cancer

Abstract

Radiotherapy often fails and tumours recur after treatment because of acquired radiation resistance. To improve the safety and effectiveness of radiation therapy while reducing radiation resistance, many methods have been employed. Radiation therapy has been greatly improved in three main ways: (I) by making tumour tissue more radio-sensitized; (II) by making tumour tissue less resistant to radiation; and (III) by making healthy tissue more radio-resistant. Because of their dual role as a treatment and a carrier for other medicines, nanoparticles have been essential in improving radiation therapy. We summarise the current studies on improved radio-sensitization in cancer utilising several species of nanoparticles in this review. Because it is both noninvasive and highly adaptable, radiation therapy (RT) is a crucial component of tumour treatment. Scientists and physicians alike are understandably worried about the newfound ability of radiation therapy to trigger an immune response that fights tumours. This review focuses on the most up-to-date research on radiotherapy-activated immunotherapy using nano-biomaterials. To improve the efficacy of radiotherapy and promote the tumour immune response, we first explore the combination of several radio sensitising nano-biomaterials with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Afterwards, different tumour oxygenation techniques that utilise nano-biomaterials are implemented to improve the hypoxic tumour environment and enhance the immunomodulatory effect. Radiotherapy revitalises the immune system of the host by means of adjuvants and nano-vaccines. There is an increase in anti-tumor immunity mediated by the innate immune system when using nano-biomaterials that are responsive to ionising radiation. Lastly, we review the state of the art in immune modulatable nano-biomaterials and address the main obstacle to their further development for tumour radio-immunotherapy. Clinical radiotherapy and immunotherapy can be optimised and new combinational therapeutic modalities developed with an understanding of nano-biomaterials-assisted radio-immunotherapy.

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