Biosensors: Carbon Nitride–Based Biosensors, Opportunities for Biosensors by Using of Carbon Nitride, Engineering of Micro/Nanostructures (Nanosheets) and Electro-Chemiluminescent Bio-Sensing

KADHIM JAWAD KADHIM, GHASSAQ MAHDI RATEB, YOUSIF THAMER ABED OUN

Authors

KADHIM JAWAD KADHIM, GHASSAQ MAHDI RATEB, YOUSIF THAMER ABED OUN Hussain University College, Medical Device Engineering, Iraq

Keywords:

Biosensors, Carbon Nitride–Based Biosensors, Carbon Nitride, Nanostructures, Nanosheets, Electro-Chemiluminescent, Bio-Sensing

Abstract

Outstanding photovoltaic effects were demonstrated by polymeric carbon nitride (CN), a type of potential two-dimensional conjugated matter. The attractive properties of CN, such as its photoelectrochemical features, abundance of surface functional groups, remarkable thermal and physicochemical stability, responsiveness to visible light, and facile synthesis from inexpensive raw materials with modulable electronic structures, have recently attracted increasing attention in the construction of biosensors. In addition to outlining the benefits of CN for biosensing applications, this chapter provides an introduction to the synthesis and structural engineering of CN materials. A lot of work has gone into improving the biosensing properties of CN materials, including as their solubility, signal conversion efficiency, and active surfaces/sites that interact with proteins. Numerous signal output modes and biosensor designs benefit from CN's exceptional optical properties, including photoluminescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, and photoelectrochemistry, all of which are the result of its narrow band gap and status as a metal-free semiconductor. Interestingly, in the last chapter, we present a few recent instances that utilise CN's unique features. These examples go beyond traditional configurations and sensing processes, and they further showcase the promising future of CN materials in biosensing.

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