Efficacy of Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver Cancer and Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy
Keywords:
Radiotherapy, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation TherapyAbstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (10–15%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, 75–85%) are the two main types of primary liver cancer. Surgical removal of primary HCC is not an option for most individuals. Patients with early-stage liver cancer have effective and potentially curative treatment options, including surgical resection, liver transplantation, and percutaneous puncture. Although radiation therapy's usage in the potentially curative context is on the rise, it is still primarily reserved for patients with advanced liver cancer as a non-surgical alternative treatment. Radiotherapy uses ionising radiation to treat certain areas without invading those areas. For primary liver cancer (specifically HCC), this review describes the safety and effectiveness of various radiotherapy methods, including three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), volume-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and internal radiation therapies.
Downloads
References
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394-424.
Hartke J, Johnson M, Ghabril M. The diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2017;34:153-9
Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver D. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011;53:1020-2.
Yoo HY, Patt CH, Geschwind JF. The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1988 and 2001: 5-year survival has improved significantly with time. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4329-35.
Venook AP, Papandreou C, Furuse J. The incidence and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: a global and regional perspective. Oncologist 2010;15 Suppl 4:5-13.
Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:87-108.
Grandhi MS, Kim AK, Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: From diagnosis to treatment. Surg Oncol 2016;25:74-85.
Gong GZ, Yin Y, Xing LG, et al. RapidArc combined with the active breathing coordinator provides an effective and accurate approach for the radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Strahlenther Onkol 2012;188:262-8.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:7-34.
Meng-chao W. Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2008;30:363-5.
Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:329-38.
Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J, et al. The Barcelona approach: diagnosis, staging, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2004;10:S115-20.
Shah SA, Greig PD, Gallinger S, et al. Factors associated with early recurrence after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma and outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 2006;202:275-83.
Shah SA, Cleary SP, Wei AC, et al. Recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: risk factors, treatment, and outcomes. Surgery 2007;141:330-9.
Nakano R, Ohira M, Kobayashi T, et al. Hepatectomy versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary early hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity-matched analysis in a single institution. Surgery 2018;164:219-26.
Su F, Chen KH, Liang ZG, et al. Comparison of threedimensional conformal radiotherapy and hepatic resection in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Cancer Med 2018;7:4387-95.
Yoon SM, Ryoo BY, Lee SJ, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Transarterial Chemoembolization Plus External Beam Radiotherapy vs Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Macroscopic Vascular Invasion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:661-9.
Kalogeridi MA, Zygogianni A, Kyrgias G, et al. Role of radiotherapy in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review. World J Hepatol 2015;7:101-12.
Emami B, Lyman J, Brown A, et al. Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21:109-22.
Folkert MR, Timmerman RD. Stereotactic ablative body radiosurgery (SABR) or Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017;109:3-14.
Dawson LA, Ten Haken RK. Partial volume tolerance of the liver to radiation. Semin Radiat Oncol 2005;15:279-83.
Ursino S, Greco C, Cartei F, et al. Radiotherapy and hepatocellular carcinoma: update and review of the literature. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012;16:1599-604.
Culleton S, Jiang H, Haddad CR, et al. Outcomes following definitive stereotactic body radiotherapy for patients with Child-Pugh B or C hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2014;111:412-7
Abrams RA, Pajak TF, Haulk TL, Flam M, Asbell SO (1998) Survival results among patients with alpha-fetoprotein positive, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of three sequential treatments of the RTOG and Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. Cancer J Sci Am 4(3):178–184
Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101. Med Phys 37(8):4078–4101
Blomgren H, Lax I, Göranson H, Kræpelien T, Nilsson B, Näslund I, Svanström R, Tilikidis A (1998) Radiosurgery for tumors in the body: clinical experience using a new method. J Radiosurg 1(1):63–74
Bronowicki JP, Boudjema K, Chone L (1996) Comparison of resection, liver transplantation and trans catheter oily chemoembolization in the treatment of hepa tocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 24(3):293–300
Chen M-S, Li J-Q, Zheng Y, Guo R-P, Liang HH, Zhang YQ, Lin XJ, Lau WY (2006) A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 243(3):321–328
Dawson LA, McGinn CJ, Normolle D, Ten Haken RK, Walker S, Ensminger W, Lawrence TS (2000) Escalated focal liver radiation and concurrent hepatic artery fluorodeoxyuridine for unresectable intrahepatic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 18(11):2210–2218
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Current Clinical and Medical Education
