Application of Silicon Nanoparticles-Based Sensors: Silicon-Based Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, High Energy Material Sensing, Glucose Sensing Dopamine Sensing, Antibiotic and Biological Sensing

Abstract

It is of special importance to design a ratiometric sensor using silicon nanoparticles. New research suggests that by modifying the size and surface modification groups of silicon nanoparticles, their fluorescence may be tuned across the whole visible spectrum. More accurate quantitative measurements with a better signal-to-noise ratio are possible with the dual emission technique that uses silicon nanoparticles. Building multi-detection systems is another use case. Also, by fine-tuning the reaction and fluorescence of silicon nanoparticles, one can accomplish such a multiple detection system. In these setups, we selectively mix several target analytes using silicon nanoparticles with various surface groups. Without the use of harmful metals, it is possible to detect numerous analytes simultaneously in this manner. The impact of surface groups on conductivity and fluorescence is one of several outstanding issues, despite the fact that silicon nanoparticle production and surface modification have come a long way. Although different surface functional groups can cause silicon nanoparticles to exhibit varied fluorescence, the specific process by which this occurs remains unclear. Similarly, there has been very little investigation into how different surface modification groups affect the electrical structure of silicon nanoparticles. We can tailor the silicon nanoparticles to the analysis object's reduction potential if we can determine the effect of surface groups on the band edge. To better build sensors using silicon nanoparticles, it is helpful to have a firm grasp of these fundamental characteristics. Also, we need to find ways to modify surfaces that work better. Because most functional modifications to the material's surface cannot reach every surface, there may be areas that are susceptible to oxidation. Many synthetic silicon nanoparticles will have their surface modification layers changed, rendering them unusable for future sensor manufacture; this will impede their commercial development and production. Silicon nanoparticles have a low quantum yield, which is a major drawback when compared to other semiconductor quantum dots. To enhance the quantum yield, we can refine the surface modification technique and link more surface ligands to enable the detection of more targeted analytes. Quantum dot fluorescence can be significantly impacted by the weak contact between surface ligands and analytical objects. Additional research and development is required to perfect the process of creating hybrid materials using silicon nanoparticles. Could we possibly create a more efficient FRET-based sensor by combining silicon nanoparticles with polymers, dyes, and carbon dots? Alternatively, in SERS sensors based on silicon nanohybrids, the increase of SERS is derived from the plasmon resonance interaction of metal nanoparticles and the effective plasmon resonance coupling between metal nanoparticles and adjacent silicon substrates. Secondly, the SERS signals are guaranteed by the closely defined plasmonic nanoparticles on the silicon wafer or silicon nanowires. To take advantage of these features, various silicon nanohybrids have been used to create SERS sensors that are high-quality, portable, inexpensive, sensitive enough, specific enough, reproducible, and capable of multiplexing detection. These hybrids can be decorated with graphene, gold, silver nanoparticles, silicon nanowires, or silicon wafer, among others. This laid the groundwork for the development of sensitive, selective, and multiplexed SERS sensing systems based on silicon, which allowed for the sensitive, molecular-to-cellular-level examination of a wide range of targets.