Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Pollutants: Toxic Organic Compounds, Hydrocarbons and Indicators of Exposure To Xenobiotic
Keywords:
Pollutants, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Hydrocarbons, XenobioticAbstract
Anthropogenic pollution, particularly that which persists over time, is the primary cause of the global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Because of their hydrophobicity, thermostability, and heterocyclic aromatic ring structures, PAHs are naturally resistant to degradation and remain in the environment for long periods of time. Multiple studies have shown that PAH contaminants are extremely harmful to different kinds of life, including mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunotoxicogenic effects. Consequently, the main causes, pathways of exposure, and harmful effects of PAHs on humans are covered in this review. Physical and chemical methods for PAH remediation, including soil washing, adsorption, electrokinetic, thermal, oxidation, and photocatalytic treatments, are provided in a concise overview in this article. Environmentally friendly biological treatment options for PAH remediation, including microbial remediation methods utilising bacteria, archaea, fungus, algae, and co-cultures, are systematically compiled in this research. Bioremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, land farming, bioreactors, and vermiremediation are some examples of in-situ and ex-situ biological treatments.
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