Electrochemical Immunosensors, Electrochemical Detection Techniques, Methods and Application of Microfluidics in Immunoassay
Keywords:
Microfluidics in Immunoassay, Electrochemical Immunosensors, Detection, Techniques, ApplicationAbstract
The use of electrochemical methods for purifying and separating wastewater has recently attracted a lot of interest. Since electrons are the primary reagent and they do not generate solid residue, they are considered cleaner than numerous other physiochemical and membrane-based technologies. In addition, the rapid response time, great selectivity, dependability, and sensitivity of electrochemical techniques have made them attractive as tools for water treatment. These methods have progressed to the point where they are not only efficient and small, but also inexpensive. The environmental contamination caused by perchlorate, nitrate, and other salts is a big problem because these substances are widely utilised as rocket and missile propellants and in other industrial applications. Since the problem of environmental contaminations is becoming worse by the day, effective methods of removing these species are urgently required. After reviewing the literature, it is clear that in order to effectively remove species like perchlorate and nitrate on an industrial scale, a new electrochemical reduction method utilising selective electrocatalysts following a stable mechanistic path is necessary. Among the many difficult problems with electrochemical reduction techniques is the requirement to develop economically viable or cost-effective processes. In addition, photo-electrochemical techniques are still in the early stages of study, thus further in-depth investigations are needed to fully understand their potential. It is also difficult to detect these ions in water. Therefore, additional study is needed to develop effective methods for detecting nitrate and perchlorate. Molecular diagnostics, immunoassays, and biochemical analyses have all benefited greatly from point-of-care testing in recent years, particularly in areas with limited access to laboratory facilities. Microfluidic chips offer numerous notable benefits over other point-of-care testing technologies. All steps of a biological reaction—from loading reagents to detecting their presence—can be carried out on a single microprocessor thanks to technology that miniaturises traditional laboratory equipment. This has led to the microfluidic platform being extensively studied in recent decades for applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare, and food safety. In this article, we will take a look back at the most recent developments in the use of microfluidics in immunoassay. There are two components to a microfluidic platform, passive manipulation and active manipulation, that are based on the various fluid driving forces. Active manipulation encompasses the introduction of pressure, centrifugal, electric, optofluidic, magnetic, and digital microfluidics; passive manipulation centres on capillary-driven microfluidics.
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