Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors, Recent Advances, Advanced Nanosystems and Evolution of Biosensor Platforms

Abstract

Since the advent of sophisticated nanostructures and nano-composites, a plethora of sensing platforms have been developed through rigorous investigation into different immobilisation techniques and the enhancement of electron transfer efficiency between the enzyme and the electrode.  Several nanomaterials and composites have found use in biosensors, such as carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, chitosan hydrogel composites, and carbon/graphene quantum dots, which have enhanced the immobilisation process or demonstrated electrocatalytic activity towards glucose.  Since traditional glucose meters use human blood or serum as their sample medium, they necessitate intrusive sampling procedures.  Researchers have shifted their attention to non-invasive sensing platforms that may detect glucose from various physiological fluids such as saliva, perspiration, or tears, in an effort to alleviate the pain and discomfort associated with these invasive approaches.  These innovative developments in miniaturised technologies for painless, non-invasive glucose testing have the potential to revolutionise diabetes control and management.  Also, other potential target analytes could have their point-of-care devices developed as a result of these accomplishments.  One of the best examples of a device that can be used at the point of care is the personal glucose meter.  Because of its portability, user-friendliness, quantitative results, and accuracy, commercially accessible glucose meters have seen extensive application.  Whole blood glucose detection is accomplished using these instruments.  But the brilliant thought of reusing the PGMs opens the door to developing sensing platforms for non-glucose targets to use as POC devices.  A plethora of new techniques for detecting bacteria, DNA, illness biomarkers, and other substances in the presence of the invertase enzyme have been created using personal glucose meters.  Research on the limitations of portable glucose meters, such as their small linear range and the impact of naturally existing glucose in biological samples, is necessary before these devices may find widespread use.  There are, of course, a plethora of additional untested approaches as well.  Therefore, for the early-stage identification of biomarkers linked to a variety of malignancies and diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, etc.), there is a strong need for inexpensive sensing devices that are durable, accurate, sensitive, selective, and reasonably priced.  It is worth mentioning that another significant difficulty in the field of diabetes control is the creation of sensors that can reliably, continuously, and quickly monitor glucose levels in real-time while maintaining high selectivity.  These days, electrochemical biosensors are all the rage due to their selectivity, sensitivity, ease of use, and speed of response.