Physiological aspects of thyroid disorders: Anatomy, Hormones, Diagnosis and Management

Abstract

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. Its primary function is to produce triiodothyronine hormones (T3) and thyroid hormone (T4). Thyroid hormones play a role A vital role in normal growth and metabolism. For thyroid disorders (TH) A significant impact on individuals' health and lives Thyroid disorders are of two types: hypo- or hyperactivity, and may also be accompanied by benign or malignant tumors. Thyroid hormones play an important role in the human body, including the T4 hormone, whose role is responsible for basic metabolic activity, and the T4 hormone, whose role includes growth and metabolism, in addition to regulating body temperature and heart rate. Thyroid hormones are essential for the normal functioning of physiological systems and are therefore. Knowing which factor (whether genetic or environmental) alters levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual differences in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function.Thyroid diseases are the second most common disorder in the endocrine system, affecting many body systems such as the heart, blood vessels, nervous system, kidneys, digestive system, reproductive system, and other systems. It is one of the most common medical conditions, especially in women. Thyroid disorders are detected using blood tests to determine the type of gland disorder, and these tests determine the best of the thyroid hormones. This is done by measuring the hormones TSH, T4, and T3. When these hormones decrease, hypothyroidism occurs, and vice versa, that is, when they rise, hyperthyroidism occurs according to the rate. It is natural to measure these hormones, and in addition to doctors using a medical history, physical examination, and biopsy to determine whether the tumor is malignant or benign, the study therefore aimed to gain detailed knowledge of the definition of the gland and its anatomical structure in terms of structure, hormones, function, and methods of diagnosis and treatment for the purpose of becoming familiar with this gland and its physiological role. In the human body. Treatments depend on the specific form of thyroid disorder in terms of severity, disease symptoms, and level of infection. These options include medications, radioactive iodine, and surgery (glandectomy).We have concluded from our study that the thyroid gland is one of the most important glands in the human body, and any defect in it affects the functions of many body organs.Thyroid hormones help in the processes of metabolism, digestion, brain development, and muscle growth. When these hormones are produced in high quantities Or in low quantities, it will lead to a defect in the efficiency of the gland’s work, which leads to causing many diseases. The rate of women suffering from thyroid disorders is greater than men. Any dysfunction in the thyroid gland and its hormones causes obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome in women.To avoid thyroid disorders, it is recommended to..Eat foods that contain iodine, such as fish and dairy, stop smoking, drink water and fluids in sufficient quantities, exercise. If you have an underactive thyroid, one of the methods of prevention is to avoid following a diet that contains sugars, trans fats, and processed foods. Avoid eating too much. Of foods rich in compounds that inhibit iodine uptake in the thyroid gland. In patients suspected of having hyperthyroidism, a blood TSH and fT4 test should be performed, obtained in the initial evaluation. Patients with overt hyperthyroidism should be treated with any of these Medications, from the following modalities: ATDS, RAI therapy, or thyroidectomy. Antithyroid medications should be the first line of treatment and the primary treatment for subclinical hyperthyroidism, whatever its causes. ATD is chosen as the primary treatment for GD, and should To be medicine It lasts for approximately 12-18 months, then stops if TSH levels are normal in that time.